Physical optics takes into consideration the basic dual nature of light the light possesses the characteristics of both the wave from and the particle (photon or quantum).therefore, the physical optics can be divided into tow parts, viz wave optics and quantum optics.
Wave optics
Wave optics concerns with explanation of the observed phenomena such as interference, diffraction and polarization. in is light is treated as a wave with following characteristics;
1. Wavelength (L) of a light wave is defined as the distance between tow symmetrical parts of the wave motion
2. Amplitide (A) of a light wave is the maximum displacement of the an imaginary particle on the wave from the base line
3. Phase difference refers to fraction of a cycle or wavelength by which the tow waves of equal wavelength travelling in the same direction are out of step with each other
4. Coherent and incoherent light. light waves that are out phase are called incoherent, while the composes of waves exactly in phase is termed coherent.
Quantum optics
Quantum optics treats light as a particle (localized energy pocket photon. it deals with the phenomena like photoelectric effect, Raman effect and light amplication by stimulated emimssion of radiation (laser).
Wave optics
Wave optics concerns with explanation of the observed phenomena such as interference, diffraction and polarization. in is light is treated as a wave with following characteristics;
1. Wavelength (L) of a light wave is defined as the distance between tow symmetrical parts of the wave motion
2. Amplitide (A) of a light wave is the maximum displacement of the an imaginary particle on the wave from the base line
3. Phase difference refers to fraction of a cycle or wavelength by which the tow waves of equal wavelength travelling in the same direction are out of step with each other
4. Coherent and incoherent light. light waves that are out phase are called incoherent, while the composes of waves exactly in phase is termed coherent.
Quantum optics
Quantum optics treats light as a particle (localized energy pocket photon. it deals with the phenomena like photoelectric effect, Raman effect and light amplication by stimulated emimssion of radiation (laser).
PHENOMENA BASED ON WAVE OPTICS
PHENOMENA based on wave optics include:
1.Interferena
2.Diffraction,and
3.Polarization.
INTERFERENA
When two or more wave trains of light of the same frequency travelling in almost same direction superimpose, the resultant intensity in the region of superimpotion is in general
Different from sum of the intensity due to individual waves. This modification in the distribution of intensity of light in the region of superimpotion is called interference . Depending upon the way the waves superimpose, the interference is of two types:
1.Constructive interference.
When the waves suprimpose in such a way that theri maxima and minima correspond with each other( full phese difference ) the resultant intensity is greater than the sum of the intensities due to separate waves.
This phenomenon is called Constructive interference.
2. Destructive interference.
When the waves suprimpose in such a way that maxima of one corresponds with the maxima of other ( half phase difference),the resultant intensity is lasser than the sum of the separate intensities this phenomenon is tremed as destructive interference.
This,due to the phenomenon of interference we get intensity maxima (due to Constructive interference ) and intensity minima which are called bright and dark fringes , respctively the arrey of such fringes is label led as interference pattern it has been observed that to get interference effects the waves must be chorent . The best condition for interference to occure is when the light is monochromatic,a narrow band of wavelengtht . But interference can also be obtained can also be obtained with white light under optimum conditions..
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